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Mussolini sought to establish an Italian empire.
Pope Pius XI afterwards referred to Mussolini as the “man whom providence has sent us.” Nonetheless, tensions between the two eventually resurfaced over such things as Mussolini’s racial laws, where were similar to those in Nazi Germany.ħ. In 1929 Mussolini signed an agreement with the Vatican under which the Church received authority over marriage and was compensated for property that had been seized decades earlier. Despite having many mistresses himself, he also put in place harsh punishments for adultery.
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He outlawed freemasonry, exempted the clergy from taxation, cracked down on artificial contraception, campaigned for an increased birth rate, raised penalties for abortion, restricted nightlife, regulated women’s clothing and banned homosexual acts among adult men.
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But after taking power, Il Duce began working to patch up that relationship. He even authored an anti-clerical pulp novel. Mussolini was anti-Church before becoming pro-Church.Īs a socialist youth, Mussolini declared himself an atheist and railed against the Catholic Church, going so far as to say that only idiots believed Bible stories and that Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene were lovers.
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Following a series of assassination attempts in 19, Mussolini tightened his grip even further, banning opposition parties, kicking out over 100 members of parliament, reinstating the death penalty for political crimes, ramping up secret police activities and abolishing local elections.Ħ. However, he continued working within the parliamentary system at least somewhat until January 1925, when he declared himself dictator of Italy.
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Mussolini did not become a true dictator until 1925.Īfter becoming prime minister, Mussolini reduced the influence of the judiciary, muzzled a free press, arrested political opponents, continued condoning fascist squad violence and otherwise consolidated his hold on power. Mussolini would later mythologize the March on Rome’s importance.ĥ. As a result, he joined armed supporters who flooded the streets of Rome the following day. But although the premiership was now his, Il Duce-a master of propaganda who claimed the backing of 300,000 fascist militiamen when the real number was probably far lower-wanted to make a show of force. With Italy’s leading non-fascist politicians hopelessly divided and with the threat of violence in the air, on October 29 the king offered Mussolini the chance to form a coalition government. Contrary to popular belief, Mussolini did not take power in a coup. The wavering king refused to sign any such decree, however, and Facta was forced to resign.Ĥ. Finally, when fascists began occupying government offices and telephone exchanges on the night of October 27, Facta and his ministers advised King Victor Emmanuel III to declare a state of emergency and impose martial law. Though Prime Minister Luigi Facta knew of these plans, he failed to act in any meaningful way. Then, on October 24, 1922, Mussolini threatened to seize power with a demonstration known as the March on Rome. Many other citizens were beaten up or forced to drink castor oil. Italy’s leaders never called on the military to stop Mussolini’s insurrection.įrom 1920 to 1922, armed fascist squads faced minimal interference from the police or army as they roamed the country causing property damage and killing an estimated 2,000 political opponents. By 1919 a radically changed Mussolini had founded the fascist movement, which would later become the Fascist Party.ģ. But he was expelled from the party two years later over his support for World War I. In 1912 he became editor of Avanti! (Forward!), the official daily newspaper of Italy’s Socialist Party. In his articles and speeches, Mussolini preached violent revolution, praised famed communist thinker Karl Marx and criticized patriotism. He then served in the Italian army for nearly two years before resuming his career as a teacher and journalist. While living in Switzerland from 1902 to 1904, he cultivated an intellectual image and wrote for socialist periodicals such as L’Avvenire del Lavoratore (The Worker’s Future). Early in Mussolini’s life, for instance, those names seemed appropriate. His two middle names, Amilcare and Andrea, came from Italian socialists Amilcare Cipriani and Andrea Costa. Mussolini was a socialist before becoming a fascist.īorn to a socialist father, Mussolini was named after leftist Mexican President Benito Juárez.